Healing and Spiritual Traditions that Use Cannabis
A depiction of the churning of the world in the ancient
Indian creation myth.
Most people are startled to find out that every major
pharmacy in America offered cannabis tinctures as medicine until the 1930’s
when cannabis prohibition began in the US.(1)
Cannabis has been used for over a thousand years by most
of the world’s great cultures as a medicine. Most people in the west are
unaware that many ancient cultures also recognized the value of cannabis as an
aide to spiritual practice.
Like any powerful medicinal plant, the energies of the
plant must be used in a way that harnesses its basic properties to promote
health and healing. When used correctly it can have a profound, enlightening
effect.
For this reason, sects within Tibetan Buddhism, Hinduism,
Taoism, Sufism and a variety of other religious groups have used cannabis for
spiritual practices. Below is a brief overview of cannabis spiritual history
compiled through various textual and online sources with a focus on ancient
spiritual practices.
Cannabis Use in India
Cannabis has been used in Ayurvedic and Indian medicine
for at least three thousand years to treat a variety of health conditions,
including nausea and wasting syndromes. It is also prescribed for general
health and longevity. To this day body builders in India use cannabis as a part
of their training regiment to gain muscle mass, promote digestion, and build
strength.
The spiritual aspects of cannabis are considered so
profound in South Asia that many religious groups including Buddhists, Naths,
Shaivites and Goddess Worshippers(2) have incorporated it into meditation
practices, as a means to stop the mind and enter into a state of profound
stillness, also called Samadhi.
Cannabis holds a prominent place among Tantrics in India,
Nepal, Sikkim, and Tibet to this day. In the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, it
is said that Buddha subsisted for six years on nothing but hemp seeds.(3)
Various spiritual texts, including the Buddhist Tara Tantra,(4) list cannabis
as an important aide to meditation and spiritual practice. In the Tantric
Buddhism of the Himalayas and Northern India, cannabis still plays a
significant role in meditative rituals to facilitate deep meditation and
heighten awareness.
Cannabis is even mentioned in the Indian creation myth,
where it is named as one of the five nectars of the gods and designated a
“Reliever of Suffering.” In the original myth, the gods churn the Ocean of Milk
in search of Amrita, the elixir of eternal life. One of the resulting nectars
was cannabis. In the Vedas cannabis is referred to as a “source of
happiness.”(5)
In India today, cannabis is often made into a drink
consumed by local people and is said to be the favorite drink of Indra, the
king of the Indian gods.
Cannabis is most closely associated with the worship of
Shiva, one of the three principal deities of India. Cannabis is considered
Shiva’s favorite herb due to its spiritual properties. It is commonly consumed
by Shaivite yogis, ascetics, and worshippers of Shiva, as an aid to their
sadhana (spiritual practice). Wandering ascetics, known as sadhus, are often
seen smoking cannabis out of a clay chillum as a part of their spiritual
practice.(6)
One of the most commonly consumed preparations of
cannabis in India is called Bhang. Bhang is offered to Shiva images and statues
throughout India, especially on the festival of Shivratri.
Cannabis is such an important part of the religious
culture of Benaras, the main city of Shiva worship, that it is sold in
government-run shops and used by pilgrims and common folks alike, being part of
the religious culture.(7)
In reviewing the use of cannabis in India, the Indian
Hemp Drugs Commission conducted a government study on the matter and made the
following conclusions in their report:
"...It is inevitable that temperaments would be
found to whom the quickening spirit of bhang is the spirit of freedom and
knowledge. In the ecstasy of bhang the spark of the Eternal in man turns into
the light the murkiness of matter.
"...Bhang is the Joy-giver, the Sky-filler, the
Heavenly-Guide, the Poor Man's Heaven, the Soother of Grief...No god or man is
as good as the religious drinker of bhang...The supporting power of bhang has
brought many a Hindu family safe through the miseries of famine. To forbid or
even seriously restrict the use of so gracious an herb as the hemp would cause
widespread suffering and annoyance and to large bands of worshipped ascetics,
deep-seated anger. It would rob the people of a solace on discomfort, of a cure
in sickness, of a guardian whose gracious protection saves them from the
attacks of evil influences..."
Ayurvedic and Indian doctors still prescribe cannabis to
treat a range of conditions. Slowly the west is finally beginning to recognize
the true values of this remarkable plant.
Cannabis Use in China
Hemp has a long history in China. At one point it was so
prized that the Chinese called their country "the land of mulberry and
hemp.” Cannabis was a symbol of power over evil and in emperor Shen Nung's
pharmacopoeia and was called the "liberator of sin.” The Chinese believed
that the legendary Shen Nung first taught the cultivation of hemp in the 28th
century B.C. Shen Nung is credited with developing the sciences of medicine
from the curative power of plants. So highly regarded was Shen Nung that he was
deified and today he is regarded as the Father of Chinese medicine.
A Chinese Taoist priest wrote in the fifth century B.C.
that cannabis was used in combination with Ginseng to set forward time in order
to reveal future events. It is recorded that the Taoists recommended the
addition of cannabis to their incense burners in the 1st century A.D. and that
the effects thus produced were highly regarded as a means of achieving
immortality. In the early Chinese Taoist ritual, the fumes and odors of incense
burners were said to have produced a mystic exaltation and contribution to well
being.
Cannabis Use in Japan
Hemp was used in ancient Japan in ceremonial rights and
for purification with and emphasis on driving away evil spirits. In Japan,
Shinto priests used a gohei, a short stick with undyed hemp fibers to create
sacred space and purity. According to Shinto beliefs, evil and purity cannot
exist alongside one another, and so by waving the gohei the evil spirit inside
a person or place would be driven away. Clothes made of hemp were especially
worn during formal and religious ceremonies because of hemp's traditional
association with purity.
Cannabis Use in Ancient Iran
Ancient Iran was the source for the great Persian empire.
According to Mircea Eliade, "Shamanistic ecstasy induced by hemp smoke was
known in ancient Iran." In the Zend-Avesta, hemp occupies the first place
in a list of 10,000 medicinal plants.
One of the few surviving books of the Zend-Avesta, called
the Venidad, "The Law Against Demons", calls bhanga (marijuana)
Zoroaster's "good narcotic,” and tells of two mortals who were transported
in soul to the heavens where, upon drinking from a cup of bhang, they had the
highest mysteries revealed to them.
Cannabis Use in Ancient Europe
According to Nikolaas J. van der Merwe (Department of
Archaeology, University of Cape Town, South Africa) the peasants of Europe have
been using cannabis as medicine, ritual material, and to smoke or chew as far
back as oral traditions go.
The famous Greek philosopher Herodotus wrote about the
use of cannabis by the Scythians, whose cultural practices he observed and
wrote about.
According to Herodotus cannabis was an integral part of
the Scythian cult of the dead wherein homage was paid to the memory of their
departed leaders. Cannabis has been found in Scythian tombs dated from 500 to
300 B.C. Along with the cannabis, a miniature tripod-like tent over a copper
censer was found in which the sacred plant was burned.
Cannabis Use in Africa
In south central Africa, cannabis is held to be sacred
and is connected with many religious and social customs. Cannabis is regarded
by some sects as a magical plant possessing universal protection against all
injury to life, and is symbolic of peace and friendship. Certain tribes
consider hemp use a duty.
Members of the Rastafari movement use cannabis as a part
of their worship of God and for Bible study and meditation. Rastafarians see
cannabis as a sacramental and deeply beneficial plant and consider it to be the
Tree of Life mentioned in the Bible. Bob Marley, amongst many others, said,
"The herb ganja is the healing of the nations." The use of cannabis,
and particularly the use of large pipes called chalices, is an integral part of
what Rastafarians call "reasoning sessions" where members join
together to discuss life according to the Rasta perspective.
According to Rastafari philosophy, "the herb is the
key to new understanding of the self, the universe, and God. It is the vehicle
to cosmic consciousness" and is believed to burn the corruption out of the
human heart.(8)
Cannabis Use and Islam
It is interesting to note that the use of hemp was not
prohibited by Mohammed (570-632 A.D.) while the use of alcohol was strictly
prohibited. Despite the fact that Mohammed did not disallow cannabis, orthodox
groups of Muslims today consider cannabis to be forbidden.
However, many historical groups of Muslims considered
hemp as a "Holy Plant.” Medieval Arab doctors used hemp as a sacred
medicine which they called among other names kannab. The Sufis (Muslim mystics)
originating in 8th century Persia used hashish as a means of stimulating
mystical consciousness and appreciation of the nature of Allah. They maintained
that hashish gave them otherwise tremendous interiority and basic insight into
themselves. They also claimed that it gave happiness, reduced anxiety, and
increased music appreciation.(9)
According to one Arab legend Haydar, the Persian founder
of the religious order of Sufis came across the cannabis plant while wandering
in the Persian mountains. Usually a reserved and silent man, when he returned
to his monastery after eating some cannabis leaves, his disciples were amazed
at how full of spirit he was. His disciples went out into the mountains and
tried the cannabis themselves. So it was, according to the legend, that the
Sufis came to know the pleasures of hashish.(10)
Footnotes:
1. Wikipedia, Cannabis Prohibition
2. White DG. The Alchemical Body: Siddha
Traditions of Medieval India. University of Chicago Press. 1996. p 19,118–9,412
3. Rätsch C. Marijuana Medicine. Healing Arts
Press. 2001. p 45
4. White DG. The Alchemical Body: Siddha
Traditions of Medieval India. University of Chicago Press. 1996. p
19,118–9,412. (Tara Tantra reference)
5. Touw M. “The Religious and Medicinal Uses of
Cannabis in China, India and Tibet.” J Psychoactive Drugs. 1981
Jan–Mar;13(1):23–34. p 24,25,28,28,28
6. Wikipedia, Cannabis Spirtual Traditions
7. Wikipedia, Cannabis Prohibition, and Picture
of Bhang Shop from Wiki-Commons
8. Rastarfarian and Coptic Gospels Pamphlet,
Erowid Extracts
9. Bhang or cannabis is also known to be popular
amongst Sufis as an aid to spiritual ecstasy. Fuller, Robert (2000). Stairways
to Heaven. Westview Press. ISBN 0813366127
10. Abel, Earnest. Introduction to A
Comprehensive Guide to Cannabis Literature